Consequences Of Passive Listening English Language Essay

Consequences Of Passive Listening English Language Essay Passive listening occurs when a person is fully aware of a lecture, Conversation, or something audio that is going on in his or her presence but the person does not react to it. This essay is going to attempt to explain in details the consequences of passive listening. A passive listener does not interrupt the speaker or perform any action whatsoever at the same time in which the speaker is delivering his or her speech. In most cases, a passive listener does not nod his or her head, make appropriate facial expressions, and make eye contacts with the speaker or any other action that indicates whether a person is paying attention or not. When a person concentrates on making non-verbal cues (nodding, eye contacts and so on), then he or she is probably not paying much attention in other words, listening passively because those actions come naturally to a person who is actively listening i.e. he or she does not have to concentrate on doing them. In some cases, passive listening is associated with students in the class room. A student who is listening passively to a lecture barely pays attention to details but at the end of the lecture, the student tends to remember 10% or less of the information passed through during the lecture session. This is because although the student was not paying much attention to the details, the student will zone in and out of his or her mind at regular intervals and in the process accidentally take in some valuable information. Usually, passive listening in students is caused by a dull lecture or an interruption in which a student is attracted to for example, cell phones. It is not always the fault of the lecturer because some topics are uninteresting by nature. Despite all the reasons and excuses a student might have for his or her lack of interest during lectures, the consequences for this action will have to be put into consideration because it can adversely affect a persons academic participation and result. Listening passively without checking in on a conversation to verify that you have a message correct often leads to communication error. By simply being in a conversation without interjecting questions or active statements that uncover the speakers real message, a persons personal ideas might begin to form about what the message might mean instead of what the message actually means. An example is when an apprentice technician joins the audience in an inaugural lecture. If he listens passively, he will only manage to listen to the sounds, he will not be able to meaningfully identify the spoken signals not to talk of correctly interpreting what is being said. This will result in errors in the persons solutions or answers. If a person is listening passively, then the person is not speaking. Effective communication allows both the message sender and the receiver to express themselves in an even exchange of ideas. A passive listener can be compared to a rock, you can see it and you know it is there, but it does not seem to be absorbing anything that you are saying. The reason why passive listening is mostly associated with students is because it occurs mainly with teenagers. Passive listening requires a lot of focus because a passive listener severely focuses on what he or she is listening to but is not doing anything apart from listening meaning he or she is not absorbing any information. The strain on unmonitored focus affects a persons ability to understand. A person can store information correctly in the brain only when both the mind and brain of the individual are relaxed. Straining the brain to listen without any interest on details therefore results in a persons lack of understanding, wastage of time and possibly head ache or brain clogging. Some other practitioners of passive listening techniques are those attempting to learn a foreign language the audio way that is through an mp3 player or an audio CD player. This is common because when advertising these products, the marketing team make promises of satisfying results to whoever uses them. They include attractive slogans like learn French the easy way just by listening to this audio CD while finishing your chores. If a person is performing a task while listening to something, then the person is listening passively. The shocking truth is that passive listening cannot get a person to fluency in a language because it ever rarely produces any good results. What is even worse is that it will not help the ability of the person to understand the language he or she is attempting to learn. It is a fact that a passive listener is unable to correctly store, interpret and recall information, this fact also applies to a language learner who is listening passively. In plain words, a language learner who is listening passively will not be able to store, interpret and recall what has been said because language learning needs some amount of focus and understanding. In some cases, a person does not deliberately listen passively to a lecture or speech, passive listening can occur due to absent mindedness. In this situation, the source of this action is either the speaker or the listener. The speaker can be the cause of passive listening in an individual if his or her voice volume is too low and the listeners will have to strain their ears to listen. There will come a point in time when the listeners will finally give up on listening to the lecture because they are tired of straining their ears and the rest of the valuable information the speaker has to deliver will pass by the listeners ears and go to waste. There is also the case of complexity. When the speaker is using too many complex words or unnecessary issues and details, the listener tends to zone out and start to imagine all sorts of consequences for the discussion at hand and in the process missing out on some of the important key points. The listeners can also be at fault because at tim es, they focus on passing judgment on the speaker, topic or lecture so much that they forget the currently important speech they are supposed to be actively listening to and as a result they listen passively and miss out on the most important parts of the lecture. In my research I have learnt that the word consequence means outcome. The outcome of an event can be both good and bad since everything that has an advantage has a disadvantage. Everything I have mentioned on passive listening so far has been negative but it also has its own advantages.

The Spanish Tragedy Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, Thomas Kyd

The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd is a founder play of the tragedy during the Elizabethan period since it raises important issues of this time, such as the cruel and unfair death, revenge, social status as well as allegiance to the sovereign. These topics reached the population and it is probably due to this that The Spanish Tragedy was successful at the time. This paper will focus its analysis on the scene 2 of the first act, which is a short but meaningful passage of the play. This passage, which takes place at the beginning of the play, gives an idea of the initial situation. It allows the reader to become familiar with the characters, to know their role in the play and their intentions. This essay will be divided into four parts falling into line with the speaking turns of characters in this scene. The first part will focus on the General’s speech to the King of Spain. The second part will be concerned about the three times when Hieronimo pleads his son's cause to the King . The third part will look at the discussion between Balthazar, Prince of Portugal and the King of Spain. The fourth and final part will address on the quarrel between Lorenzo, the Spanish King’s nephew and Horatio, Hieronimo’s son and on how the King solves the quarrel by rewarding them for their acts. The second scene of the first act of this play begins with a discussion between two characters, the King of Spain and the General. All begins when the King asks the General how goes his "camp ", in other words his army. General tells the King about the battle (lines 1 to 115). First, the General says everything is fine except for some losses. The General announces that the victory is on the Spanish side. The King asks details and here the General begins the ... ...is proud to show to the King that he led out this battle and that he won it. If he acts this way, this is only to receive King's recognition and also a chain representing the dedication to his King. Hieronimo chooses to defend his son. If he does this, it is because it is important to him that the King sees and approves the achievements of his son. Balthazar does not necessarily expect any gratitude from the King of Spain but he stays polite and is pleased that the King spares him torture. For what concerns Lorenzo and Horatio, each of them wants to be seen by the King as the one who managed to capture the enemy prince. They wrangle in front of the King, who has to play the arbiter in this situation. The irony in their dispute is that it does not even need to be seen that the capture of Balthazar is the result of a collaborative effort where both were important.

Essential Questions

While the North veered toward a mechanical future of efficiency and invention the Southern dependence on their cotton industry kept them at a stand still. By 1877 prior t o the compromise which ended Southern Reconstruction the Southern economic system was in a steady decline as emend for cotton slowly shifted while the North's demand for manufactured goods continued its steady incline. Peopling: How did the growth of mass migration to the United States and the railroad a effect settlement patterns in the cities in the west?The growth of mass migration to the United States caused massive population n changes which tended to slow as immigrants settled into large towns and cities near or center red around the growing railroads which promised life and fortune to the prospective America Politics and Power: Why did the attempts at compromise before the war fail to prevent the inflict? To what extent and in what ways, did the Civil War and reconstruction n transform American political and social relationships?The attempts at compromise failed because no politician was ever able to full y address the issues of slavery in a way that would last forever. Plus the fact that no Southern nerd was willing to give up their way of life because of a northerner who did not know t he value of slavery. America in the World: How was the American conflict over slavery part of larger global events? As the European powers grew and left slavery for industry America was the la SST of the powers to attain a patch of slavery slowing the turn towards industry.With growing ball Zionist movements the views of the world focused on slavery in the south. Environment and Geography: How did the end of slavery and technology and military developments transform the environment and settlement patterns in the so the and the west? At the end of the civil war with the end of slavery and the introduction of milt ray rule to the south there was a massive change in settlement as freed slaves began travels Eng throughout the south to find lost loved ones. Introduction of â€Å"modernized military tactics and other technologies lowed the flow of populations within the American South.Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture: How did the doctrine of manifest destiny affect debates over territorial expansion and the Mexican war? How did the Civil War struggle shah pep Americans beliefs about equality, democracy, and national destiny? The doctrine of Manifest Destiny caused a lot of debates concerning the right of American expansions in the west while all other countries could no longer claim any of t he land. The results of the civil war molded and enforced American belief in the divinity of their actions of spreading democracy from ocean to ocean. Essential Questions Europeans even knew about the Americas, Native American tribes were the first inhabitants. These first inhabitants were a people group united by kinship and called Pale-Indians and they settled in the Americas between twelve and fifteen thousand years ago. Large mammals and an abundance of plants drew hunter- gatherers to the Americas, which provided the sustenance necessary for survival. Agriculture takes hold in a portion of the Americas between 1000 to 1200 AD, but spreads further and more extensively by 500 AD.Agriculture in the Americas was much different than in Europe and other countries. In the Americas, crops such as corn, beans, and squash were grown and there were no animals involved. Early fifteenth century, Europe was a patchwork of small kingdoms and principalities, and Europe began to expand Into Muslim country and acquired a desire to trade goods with Asia, so they went about exploration of other than previous forms and ended up In America, without knowing It.Soon aft er Columbus arrived, Spanish explorers took an interest and also began to Lonnie, and proceeded to slaughter large numbers of Indians in get rich quick attempt. Also missionaries took an interest in converting the Indians to Christianity, which resulted in blended versions of Catholicism that exist today. Conquistadors, Spanish colonists under a man named Cortez, conquered the Aztec and began Indian labor system. Because of the scarcity of laborers in the Americas, Portuguese and Spanish colonists looked to Africa for black slaves.Spanish colonization and exploitation of Indians resulted in the Pueblo revolt against the Spanish. Europe soon followed their explorer Columbus to the Americas, bringing diseases and sickly pigs, this event Is now called the Great Dying. The Indians began to resist the power of the Spanish and soon coexisted with them, adopting their cultures and learning the Spanish language. Coming to America: Portrait of Colonial Life The New World, the Americas, becam e a magnet for all ethnic groups. People had such a desire to go to the Americas that they would indenture themselves so that they could pay for their passage to the Americas.Voyages to the New World were ungenerous and many died on the voyage, while the youngest and healthiest were sold on shipboard. In New England, family relationships were of a great deal of importance. A marriage ceremony was created by the Puritans who also established obligations that were to be fulfilled by the male and female In each relationship. Divorce also became a right If a spouse broke the rules. The head of the house was to have moral order and correctional order and emotional stability. Men were expected to work in the fields and women joined them during harvest time, but made soaps,

The Role Of The Executive Has Always Remained A...

The role of the executive has always remained a controversial issue. In some countries, the executive may champion conservative beliefs, pushing his country towards free-market economies, privatization and military spending. In another country, the executive might have been a populist leader who came to power by mobilizing the masses, championing labor rights and engaging in land redistribution. As Fukyuyama references to in his piece, â€Å"Do Institutions Really Matter†, nevertheless, in developed democracies, the role of institutions, such as low levels of corruption and accountable government, have ensured these executives will exercise their power within limit. Another institution such as regular elections provides the people with a â€Å"fair† process of choosing representation. Consequently, it is assumed that institutions are of the utmost importance to a society, as they often dictate the political, economic and social ramifications for that country. Therefore, if institutions do indeed matter, is executive leadership helpful or detrimental to their role and effectiveness? We will examine presidential democracies, in particular the United States, a prime example where the Chief of State has much more executive influence than in any other form of democracy, to determine whether this leadership strengthens or mitigates the effects of institutions. It is important to understand that not only does the president have significant power in this system, but also that this nationShow MoreRelatedThe Main Features Of The Uk1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe controversial issue in question is whether or not the UK is in need of a codified constitution. The absence of a written constitution is peculiar in Europe , the UK is said to have a complex and comprehensive system of government which regulates the country. The purpose of this essay is to examine the present features of the UK s unwritten constitution in contrast with other European codified con stitutions , an argument as to whether the United Kingdom is in need of a codified constitutionRead MoreThe Death Of Anwar Al Awlaki Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesThe Death of Anwar al-Awlaki One cannot listen to the news or commentaries without hearing a controversial story that will cause you to pause and emit an ahem sigh. In view of the recent tragedies around the world that affect America and Americans, one might reach a point of bewilderment and become reluctant to watch or listen to the news, however; if you are enrolled in a political science class, it is necessary to involve yourself in current events. The questionable killing of an American citizenRead MoreShould Child Labor Be More Time Towards Education?1371 Words   |  6 PagesMany people believe child labor has ceased to exist in the world people live in, but many don’t realize the clothes they wear had been made by child laborers. Many people in government around the world have worked to abolish child labor, but little do these people actually solve the problem. People should look to understand why child labor still exist and why it exist in particular places in the world. Introduction: It is common knowledge that every person has the right to work, and there isRead MoreTourettes Syndrome Essay2102 Words   |  9 Pagesthe circles of neuroscience and clinical psychology, as it has been in the past. On the other hand, there are still some controversial issues regarding this disorder. 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While this declaration seeks to cement a set of universal human rights in the internationalRead MoreThe And Limitations Of The United States Constitution2482 Words   |  10 Pagesof the constitution, the duties of the President, the Executive branch, are defined and the system of checks and balances are explained. These checks and balances are the Congress and the Supreme Court. Our founding fathers designed the constitution specifically so that no one branch of the A merican government would never be allowed to contain more power or have authority than the other two. In recent times, however, the executive branch has grown more powerful during stressful times. This powerRead MoreRosenberg, Epp, and Miranda: Implementation of Supreme Court Decisions2387 Words   |  10 Pages On the surface, it seems that determining how much power courts have would be a simple task. However, history has proven this to be false. The courts have been viewed in many different ways through out the history of our country. There are three common views of court power that are important for modern scholars of the court system. Those who believe courts have little power to cause social change are said to adhere to the Constrained Court view. Those who believe courts have a great deal

Emely Bronte and Wuthering Heights - 1340 Words

It was a quiet evening in Thornton, United Kingdom, on July 30th, 1818 to be exact, that a legend was born. Emily Jane Brontà «, the fifth of six children, came into existence. (Information found on GradeSaver) Her father, Reverend Patrick Brontà «, grew up as a peasant while her mother, Maria Brontà « Branwell was quite wealthy. The two became a pair and after years of marriage, finally had a family of eight. Though the family was not fully united for long. (page 10, Howard) Their were a heap full of little Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s when Maria was still alive, which were Maria, named after her mother, the first child of Patrick and Maria who was born in 1813. Then Elizabeth, who was named after Maria’s sister, was born in 1815. Charlotte, the third Brontà « daughter was born in 1816, then finally, a year before Emily is born, the first male offspring, Branwell, who was named after Maria’s family name, is born. (page 12, Howard) As soon as Maria gave birth to Anne, the la st child in the Brontà « family, she died quickly due to cancer. Emily, being only three years old, saw life in anything but pessimism. Her innocence was what kept her sane until it was later shattered. (Information found on GradeSaver) Like in any other story one might have read, if the mother is gone, the aunt is always around. With the Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s, Maria’s sister, Auntie Elizabeth Branwell came quickly to the family’s aid once Maria passed. Only Auntie Elizabeth was not the type to Ochoa, 2 taunt the children, it was the absolute

Fate in Beowulf - 1506 Words

Period 1 A.P. English The Concept of Faith in Beowulf A Twist of Fate for the Great Hero Beowulf Fate seems to be an ongoing theme in the works of Boethius and Beowulf. Whether it is a belief of Christian providence or pagan fatalism, the writers of these works are strongly moved by the concept of fate and how it affects the twists and turns of a persons life. Fate is most often seen as the course of events in a persons life that leads them to inevitable death at some time or another. Throughout the poem Beowulf, the characters are haunted by fate and acknowledge its strong presence in everything that they do. Fate seems to lurk in the shadows of these characters very being and it is this force in which they acknowledge their†¦show more content†¦The fact is that whether or not Beowulf saw a connection to the concept of fate and a divine power is something that we may never know. The theme of fatalism in the poem is so strong that it is evident that fate was a strong force in the lives of the people of this time. Whether or not they had Christian or pagan beliefs that may have been related to their individual views on fate doesnt really seem to have any bearing on their beliefs in fate. Throughout the poem, Beowulf fights evil demons to protect his people and creates a sense of safety that would surely not exist if it werent for his great strength and courage. Fate has something else in store for Beowulf as the poem leads on to the infamous dragon fight. All along in the poem, Beowulf identifies the fact that he believes in fate and many of his actions are ruled by his strong belief in the fact that whatever will happen is meant to be. In the beginning of the poem, he is an invincible leader but now when it comes down to the fight with the dragon, he is old and not so sure of himself. It is at this point in the poem that the reader is clued in to the future events, which dont look very bright for this hero. All along, the narrator and the characters in the poem have hinted at events to come in the future and the idea of fate has remained in the background of Beowulfs conquests and victories, controlling his every move. Beowulf knows that his time isShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Fate In Beowulf791 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf Theme The epic poem Beowulf written by a scop and a Christian monk, this poem includes a theme that one’s fate will occur no matter what it’s inevitable, and it has already been planned out. The Anglo-Saxon culture has a set of beliefs which includes the idea that fate, one’s death, has been predetermined. The idea of fate means the events that occur in ones life are beyond their control and have been planned and are unchangeable. The idea of fate is a part of the Anglo-Saxon cultureRead MoreThe Inevitable Fate In Beowulf711 Words   |  3 Pagesreceive it† (Robert Collier). Beowulf perfectly demonstrates this quote because throughout the story he has to push through the bad luck and be there ready for the good. Beowulf is a classic work of literature from Anglo-Saxon times. The book is filled with a sense of impending death and sudden change which leads to a very unique mood for the book.The sense of impending death and sudden change is shown by the sense of inevitable doom and the role fate plays. Beowulf is full of a strong sense of theRead MoreEssay about Fate in Beowulf1489 Words   |  6 PagesFate in Beowulf A Twist of Fate for the Great Hero Beowulf Fate seems to be an ongoing theme in the works of Boethius and Beowulf. Whether it is a belief of Christian providence or pagan fatalism, the writers of these works are strongly moved by the concept of fate and how it affects the twists and turns of a person’s life. Fate is most often seen as the course of events in a person’s life that leads them to inevitable death at some time or another. Throughout the poem Beowulf, the charactersRead More Essay on Fate in Beowulf, Grendel, and Macbeth2188 Words   |  9 PagesFate in Beowulf, Grendel, and Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fate plays a significant role in the Old English epic poem Beowulf and William Shakespeares play Macbeth.. The major events of the poem, such as the three killings by Beowulf and his own death, are said to have been predestined. In Macbeth, fate is so significant that it is personified by the Weird Sisters, who drive the action of the play. But if predestination exists, then there must be an agent that determines destiny. In Beowulf, God playsRead More Fate, Destiny, and Predestination in Beowulf Essays2122 Words   |  9 PagesFate, Destiny, and Predestination in Beowulf An epic story is one that combines elements of supernatural powers and heroic deeds with plebeian troubles. In Beowulf , the unknown author paints a typical yet magnificent tale that is one of the great epic chronicles of the Middle Ages. Like the poems of Homer, Beowulf possesses terrible monsters, men with supernatural powers, the search for glory, and deadly defeats. However, this medieval account brings a new element into the folds: the associationRead MoreBeowulf : Christian Or Pagan Epic?865 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Smith Waterman English 12 24 September 2015 Beowulf: Christian or Pagan Epic? Believe it or not, Thor was not just a fictional superhero that appeared in comics created by Marvel. Ultimately stemming from Proto-Indo-European religion, Thor is a prominently mentioned god throughout the recorded history of Germanic mythology and paganism. Pagans, a member of a community observing a polytheistic religion, dominated Southern Europe society and literature until Christianity slowly drove out paganismRead MorePaganism In Beowulf953 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity and Paganism in Beowulf Beowulf was composed when England was transitioning from a pagan to a Christian culture. In chapter 3 of A Little History of Literature, it is said that Beowulf was likely written by a Christian monk who inserted Christian themes into the story. This is why Beowulf reflects both Christian and pagan views. These two religions and their elements affect the story in different ways. There are pagan views of fate and fame in Beowulf, but there are also ChristianRead MorePaganism and Christianity in Beowulf Essay examples1414 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf is an epic poem that centers around the hero Beowulf, a Geat from Sweden who crosses the sea to Denmark in a heroic quest to save King Hrothgar, king of the Danes and the builder of Herot, and his men from the demonic monster Grendel who kills and feasts on Hrothgar’s warriors. Beowulf’s adventure does not end when he defeats Grendel though, he must also kill Grendel’s mother because she seeks revenge for her s on’s death. Once Beowulf kills Grendel’s mother, he goes home and soon becomesRead MoreEssay on Christian and Pagan Ideals in Beowulf1343 Words   |  6 Pages Written down in approximately 1,000 A.D. by an unknown author, Beowulf, originally a pagan fable, became a Christian allegory upon its transcription by Christian monks. However, as scholars have debated over the religious context in Beowulf, the attempts by the monks to turn the epic poem into a Christian parable ended merged, including both original and Christian aspects. Throughout Beowulf, the epic combines pagan ideals of fate or wyrd and the will of God, the similar concepts of the afterlifeRead MoreEssay about Christian And Pagan Ideals In Beowulf1335 Words   |  6 Pages Written down in approximately 1,000 A.D. by an unknown author, Beowulf, originally a pagan fable, became a Christian allegory upon its transcription by Christian monks. However, as scholars have debated over the religious context in Be owulf, the attempts by the monks to turn the epic poem into a Christian parable ended merged, including both original and Christian aspects. Throughout Beowulf, the epic combines pagan ideals of fate or wyrd and the will of God, the similar concepts of the afterlife

Conflict & Negotiation

Questions: 1. Choose to focus on one of the methods (conflict management, negotiation, mediation or arbitration). Critically review a selection of the literature on your chosen topic. 2. This part asks you construct a model to guide you in making decisions when confronting and managing situations that involve disagreement and/or disputes. Answers: Executive summary Mediation has been widely used as a method of conflict resolution for over decades. Mediation is a case that is put to use in the cases where the conflicting parties have sort intervention but has failed. Mediators in practice could display the use of two or more mediation models. In a summary in one of his works, he pointed out that the main objectives of settlement as a model of mediation is to influence and motivate an rising bargaining attracted to a mutual point between the positions of the two teams where the mediator will be working towards adjusting the stands of the parties off their stand to a compromise. The first step in the process is the identification of the ethical issues that surrounds decision making because solving a moral problem will need one to acknowledge that it is actually existing. After identifying the ethical problem, the professionals involved in the decision making process are to find a driving force from the formulated opinions identified in moral sensi tivity. After coming to a conclusion about the course of action, the decision maker must be focused on the choices they have to make. For the plan of action to be executed, there must be a character. The moral agents are expected to overcome the opposition and restrict destructions in the process as they will also be developing tactics and strategies while coping with the associated fatigue. PART 1 Introduction: Mediation Mediation has been widely used as a method of conflict resolution for over decades. Mediation is a case that is put to use in the cases where the conflicting parties have sort intervention but has failed. The mediation process has a third party who acts as the referee to the conflicting groups assisting them in finding the best solution that will be of satisfaction to their problems. It is a process that should be attended to with sufficient knowledge of the issues in the dispute and the authority to decide the settlement after the mediation process. Mediation is a flexible process that can be tailored to the circumstances and assist in concluding negotiations. In the journey through my course, i conducted a research activity with my colleagues to identify the best way mediation could be used in making decisions. Literature review Out project activity went through previously done work that found that that the initial steps that one might follow when organizing for a national or international mediation is the evaluation of the current thinking around the mediation models. I took the liberty to define mediation and conquer with these researches that evaluating the situation is quite significant. In the process, I as well noted that Past research had distinguished between the mediation designs these being settlement, facilitative, therapeutic and evaluative negation models. In the activity, we found that mediators in practice could display the use of two or more mediation models. Towards the end of the activity, I noted that the main objectives of settlement as a model is to encourage and motivate a mutual stand between the two victims where the professional will be working towards adjusting the stands of the parties to a compromise (Bingham, 2004). Further, we discovered that the facilitative model is a case where the mediators are advised to put more focus on the assisting the conflicting parties to define and bring forth third interests with the faith that it would define a common ground to the parties. In evaluative mediation, the mediator attempts to offer a solution to the disputing parties following an evaluation of their negotiating stands according to the legal requirements falling within the anticipated results by the courts. Evaluative mediation is a case that is mostly applicable in the cases where the parties are conflicting over a single entity that occasionally appears to be money. The fourth model, therapeutic, is being known for the focus on the instances where the future relationships of the disputing persons or parties are to be improved (Batson Thompson, 2001). We then came to a definition that facilitative mediation is a procedure that is often questioned and practiced among the mediation community. Its essence is seen to be on the focus of the problem where the mediators are seen encouraging and motivating parties to explore the data as they experience the related problem (Eisenberg, 2000). However, we noticed that the approach is pragmatic and is seen to focus only on the interests and needs expressed by the influential work. The critics of the approach are found arguing that in the process of following the leads of facilitative model, the mediators mainly focus on the information relating to the problem instead of exploring on the border issues that relates to the identities and relationships of the parties. The goal for the technique applied is to come up with a settlement that will be mutually accepted in settling the dispute. According to the research project we conducted, the problem-solving mediation process appears to be a highly directive in the process of trying to reach the goal. It came that the process is controled and the substance of the discussion where they show a lot of focus on the consensus and the resolvable issue. In the process of doing this, the we noted that we will be avoiding the conflicting areas where the consensus is minimal. They also note that although the decisions are left to the disputants, the mediators are significantly useful in the development of the terms of settlement and acquiring the agreements of the parties (Thompson Chen, 2002). It is also seen that the transformative approach to the mediation process does not rely on the immediate problem resolution but they seek an empowerment as well as a mutual recognition from the parties conflicting. According to researchers, empowerment is the process of allowing the parties to define their issues and to seek solution to their issues. For recognition, they believe that it stands for allowing the parties an opportunity to have a look and understand their points of view regarding the case at hand and also to have an understanding on the definition of the problem and the need to seek solution for them (Mayer, 2004). It is found that empowerment and recognition are factors that pave way for a mutually agreeable problem-solving that come without a secondary effect. The main goals that are associated with the transformative mediation are believed to be, fostering the empowerment and recognition of the parties allowing the parties a chance to define the appropriate approach to their problems current and later. According to literature, the approach makes it easier for parties to avoid the issue of the defectiveness of the mediators that is often witnessed in the process of problem-solving mediation. According to winslade and monk 2000, a narrative approach is often offered during the re-examination of the traditional approaches that are offered to conflict resolution through mediation where the stories told about the conflicts to be solved are told are told (Jossey-Bass NADRAC, 2001). According to the author, there are theories that challenge the natural assumptions arguing that the needs of the people are not necessarily from their desires. Rather, people are seen to come up with conflict from the narrative that describe the turn of events. In the process of the mediation, theres a safe place that is set for the conflicting parties where they are to tell their sides of their stories and their relationship to the conflict (OFallon, Butterfield, 2005). They then leave the rest to the mediator who is to work on the issue in attempts to uncover the assumptions that the parties have brought to the table. Immediately the biases and the assumptions in the case have been uncovered, there are alternative approaches that are considered. Then, new stories and theories about the conflict are created with intentions that the disputing parties would be moved from their intractable situations to the newly formed stories based on their understanding, their respect and collaborations (Paleker, 2003). There have as well been a significant debate trending internationally since the release of the publications; the promise of mediation and narrative mediation by Bush and Folger (1994) and Winslade and Monk (2000) respectively. These have been the models that have been positions as alternatives to the interest-based processes that have for a long time been dominating the mediation practices. Picard and Melchin (2007) have been out pointing that the mediators [practicing insight mediation have views for different insights to the facts the conflicting parties believe in through the discovery of the things that the parties care about and how it threatens other parties. according to the transformative model, the probing of information about the problem forces the parties to remain locked into a dispute. As such, to gain a resolution, there must be a shift that is to be made from the issue. Contrary to this belief, the two authors found out that through the focus on the problem and through exploring on the concerns of the party about the issue, there could be a breakthrough to an deeper understanding of the relational issue to the problem. Cloke (2002) came out with another vision of mediation and the processes of resolving conflict. In his work, he seemed to aim at the evaluation of the essence of the process rather than the procedure setting out the challenge to the mediators questioning them about their assumptions to the issue of handling conflicts. He states that each and every conflict and resolution comes with a spiritual dimension and energy (Thoma, 2006). We then declared that strategic mediation is an approach often used when the mediator is in a position where they have to attend to the underlying dysfunction that is being seen as a propelling factor to the conflict. He also notes that despite the fact that the model is illustrated in the divorce mediation, there are no enough documents to support it. There are many writings that are seen to reveal some evidence on the mediators who search for the underlying causes of conflict and attend to them (James, 2000). PART 2 Conflict Management Model In the process of trying to find the best way to coming to a conclusion regarding a certain case, there is a need for one to construct a model that will best guide in driving to the decision. The components that could be used in developing a better decision in solving a conflict are as discussed. In the discussed model of decision making, there is a need to involve a neutral party to assist in the process as they will have to study various aspects and attributes of the conflicting parties. There are many available models in the ethical decision making and action. In our case, we are to use a four component model by James Rest that was later branded the Rests model (Lipsky Avgar, 2004). First Component: Moral sensitivity The first step in the process is the identification of the ethical issues that surrounds decision making because solving a moral problem will need one to acknowledge that it is actually existing. It is believed that recognizing the problem will need to consider the way a person would be affected with our behavior. Then, there is need to identify the possible course of the action and determine the consequences of the possible potential strategy. Research has proved that empathy and perspective are skills that appear to be essential to moral action when it comes to decision making (Cloke, 2006). Understanding the reaction of others causes the decision maker to be more sensitive to the possible negative effects that the choices made can cause and can also help in predicting the resulting outcome (Alexander, 2002). There are factors that may prevent people from recognizing the ethical issues in the decision making process. one main factor is the reluctance to use the moral terminologies in describing the decision made because of wanting to avoid controversy. In the process, the professional used in arriving to the decision regarding the case would have to follow some aspects to reach a conclusion (Connelly, Helton-Fauth Mumford, 2004). It is advisable that one becomes an active listener and role playing and also imagining other perspectives in the process. Also, they will have to step back from a case to allow them to determine whether they have any moral implications. Avoiding euphemism and refusing to execute misbehavior are as well other aspects that could guide moral sensitivity in a decision making process. One would be expected to keenly pay attention to personal emotions in cases when they are faced with ethical dilemmas (Keystone Conference Final Report, 2006). Second Component: Moral judgment After identifying the ethical problem, the professionals involved in the decision making process are to find a course of action from the generated opinions identified in moral sensitivity. In this case, they will be making judgment regarding the things that are believed to be right or wrong to be done in the situation. This is a component that has been found to generate more research than the other components in the rest model (Winslade and Monk, 2000). The investigating teams in the model have displayed a partial interest in the moral cognitive development, which is a process that people get to when developing personal reasoning abilities in most cases. It is argued that people progress through the series involved in the moral strategy the same way they attend to the physical ones. Each of the stages appears to be advanced than the previous step and people engage in complex reasoning in their process of progression and they as well become less-self-centered developing broader defini tions of morality (Danesh, 2002). The identified levels of development are seen to be three; Procurement thinking believed to be the most primitive one focusing on the consequences. It is as well-known too be a form of reasoning that is mostly found among children who are avoiding punishments by choosing to obey. Also, they might be choosing to follow the rules so that they can meet certain interests (Picard Melchin, 2007). Conventional thinkers who are seen to be the ones who choose to look for other people for guidance when making decisions. The stage three people are believed to be living up to the expectations of the people they respect and the value concern for others. The stage four individuals are seen to follow a broader perspective depending on the entire society for direction (Tillett, 2006). Post conceptual or principled reasoning seen to be the advanced ethical reasoning where the stage five persons are guided by the utilitarian principles. These are the people who are concerned with the needs for the whole team and they are up to making sure that the rules and set laws are serving for the best of the group (Kressel, 2007). Third Component: Moral Focus After coming to a conclusion about the course of action, the decision maker must be focused on the choices they have to make. They are expected to recognize that the moral values are often seen to conflict with the other important values. According to psychologists, the acts of hypocrisy and self-assessment are seen to undermine the moral motivation of a person. In other instances, it is seen that people might want to do the right things but their integrity comes to be overpowered on discovering that they must pay a personal cost for their ethical actions. Other people do not intend to follow the ethical courses but engage in the moral hypocrisy (Alexander, 2009). For the decision makers, they would want to appear moral and avoid the cost of acting in a moral way. Practically, they believe that assignments should be distributed in a fair manner when they are assigning themselves desirable tasks and leaving the others less desirable ones. In the same context or moral focus, also belie ved to be motivation, rewards are said to be important aspect in the ethical follow-through. People are more likely to give their ethical values a high priority when they get rewarded through raises and promotions amongst other forms. However, the moral motivation is seen to drop when the unethical actions are found to be reinforced by the reward system. It is advised that for the professional decision maker to increase their motivation and that of their followers, they have to seek out and create and ethically rewarding system (Cloke, 2001). Forth Component: Moral Character For the plan of action to be executed, there must be a character. The moral agents are expected to overcome the opposition and restrict destructions in the process as they will also be developing tactics and strategies while coping with the associated fatigue. The latter explains the existence of the moderate correlation between the moral judgment and the moral behavior where in most cases, deciding does not lead to doing. It is believed that integrity encourages the leaders to be true to themselves and their choices (Hoffman, 2006). Humility is seen to force the leaders to address the challenges that might be a barrier for taking action. The personal traits of an individual are also believed to be a contributing factor to the moral action. The people possessing a strong will and self-confidence are the ones with high chances of being persistent. The people who are internally oriented have a control over their lives and they can easily determine their happenings. The externally orien ted persons have a notion that their life events are beyond their control and are a product of fate or luck (Brown, 2002). Conclusion Mediators in practice could display the use of two or more mediation models. In evaluative mediation, there are invites to offer a solution to the disputing parties following a realistic evaluation of their negotiating positions according to the legal requirements falling within the anticipated results by the courts. Therapeutic, is being known for the focus on the instances where the future relationships of the disputing persons or parties are to be improved. Problem-solving mediation process appears to be a highly directive in the process of trying to reach the goal. Transformative approach to the mediation process does not rely on the immediate problem resolution but they seek an empowerment as well as a mutual recognition from the parties conflicting. Empowerment is the process of allowing the parties to define their issues and to seek solution to their issues. The main goals that are associated with the transformative mediation are believed to be, fostering the empowerment and r ecognition of the parties allowing the parties a chance to define the appropriate approach to their problems current and later. It is advisable that one becomes an active listener and role playing and also imagining other perspectives in the process. Also, they will have to step back from a case to allow them to determine whether they have any moral implications. References Alexander, N (2002). Mediation in the Modern Millennium. Conference Paper XVITH Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law. The University of Queensland, Brisbane. Alexander, N (2003). Global Trends in Mediation. Walters Kluwer Law and Business. Bingham, L.B. (2004). Employment Dispute Resolution: The Case for Mediation. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, Vol 22, no 1-2 Brown, C.J. 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