Right To Die Essays (1522 words) - Euthanasia, Medical Ethics

Option To Die The Right to Die, Physician-Assisted Suicide 6/3/99 History I will neither give a fatal medication to anyone whenever requested it, nor will I make a proposal with this impact - The Hippocratic Oath Physician-Assisted self destruction is one of the most disputable issues in our general public today. During the 1990's, helped self destruction has become the subject of open discussion and authoritative activity the country over. Indeed, even the U.S Supreme Court has been associated with basic choices including the legitimization of Physician-helped self destruction. These issues raise doubt about the moral norms and legitimate bases though Doctors and Health Couldn't care less Providers. The American Heritage Dictionary characterizes willful extermination as the demonstration of executing a person for reasons viewed as kind. Murdering for this situation is a physical activity where one individual effectively executes another. The word killing originates from the Greek eu, great and th anatos, demise or great passing. Specialist helped self destruction can be viewed as auto-killing. The Doctor gives the way to a patient to end their own life easily yet doesn't effectively or genuinely help that individual kick the bucket. Specialist helped self destruction is the same old thing to society, going back to the time Socrates 470-399 BC. With the mediations of Jack Kevorkian M.D., being happened in the media and in the courts, Doctor helped self destruction has become the focal point of exceptional open and expert discussion. The greater part of this consideration is centered right here in Michigan in light of Dr. Jack Kevorkian AKA, Doctor Death. Specialist Kevorkian has aided more than one hundred helped suicides. The Debate There are numerous contentions for and against helped self destruction. Focuses for and against this training include legitimate, moral, strict and clinical contentions. They are mind boggling and protracted. Recorded are only a couple of streaml ined issues from the two sides of the discussion. Contentions for Assisted Suicide An individual ought to have authority over one's own body. This is an essential right, and people ought to reserve a privilege to bite the dust. The estimations of individual prosperity and empathy for enduring order that we end enduring when we can. The differentiation between retaining or pulling back treatment in terminal circumstances and straightforwardly finishing a life is regularly not significant. By retaining or pulling back treatment under these conditions is legitimately allowable and restoratively acknowledged by most. Defenders contend that society ought to likewise authorize helped self destruction under similar conditions. Helped self destruction is as of now occurring. Permitting the training to proceed covertly leaves suppliers confined, without the guidance of associates or morals boards. This additionally saves them from open responsibility for their activities. To sanction helped self destruction would help guarantee it is utilized mercifully and properly. Legitimization is essential, to guarantee clinical defends and make it similarly accessible to all who pick it. Defenders wish to maintain a strategic distance from back-rear entryway suicides much the path back-rear entryway premature births used to be performed. This likewise dissolves the security of the supplier/quiet relationship, presenting both to analysis and assaults on close to home wellbeing like those engaged with the demonstrations of premature birth. Contentions against Assisted Suicide Legalization starts a procedure that will definitely prompt automatic, dynamic killing of patients who could conceivably be critically ill. Authorization will subject the old, handicapped or other people who are disappointed in our general public to bow to social weights to pass on so as to ease social, practical, and passionate weight on others. It is much progressively hazardous here in the United States in light of the current weight for benefit in oversaw care, cost regulation, clinical choices being made by non-clinicians and developing social imbalances. Many feel that authorization of helped self destruction will disintegrate the dedication of the doctor to the patients' eventual benefits, and that it's anything but a clinical job to choose which life merits living. Adversaries additionally dread the chance of clinicians attracted to the training by force or sense of self contemplations rather than sympathy. Sanctioning of helped self destruction redirects consideration away from the need to streamline palliative consideration. Hospice care stays inaccessible to many, in view of the cost many safeguard won't spread the consideration. Most adversaries feel that master torment the executives, forceful medicines and consideration regarding the patient's and family's physical and passionate needs would take out the requirement for helped self destruction. Because the

The Buddhist Tradition Dependent Co-Arising Essays - Madhyamaka

The Buddhist Tradition: Dependent Co-Arising Buddhism is an ageless custom that has its starting points going back to before the introduction of Christ. Established by the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, the convention follows essential standards, for example, the confidence in the Three Marks of Existence, the Four Noble Truths, and the idea of ward co-beginning. The Buddha, or edified one, showed a special type of reasoning. Inside his convention of the Four Noble Truths, Buddha announced that enduring could be halted on the grounds that everything that cause it are needy of each other. He basically accepted that life was a progression of occasions that were totally molded by specific components. This hypothesis of ward co-beginning is one of the staple components of Buddhisms history, idea of dharma, and the religions comprehension of the encompassing scene. At an early age, the Buddha drove the life of a plain. He ardently looked through the world to locate an edified truth or nirvana. The Buddha elevated his response to illumination, or the center way, after he arrived at a condition of nirvana. The idea dismissed the two limits of the penance of the body from sustenance, and of living generously without penance as ways toward a condition of nirvana. Buddha had numerous devotees and gathered numerous supporters up until his demise around 483 BC. After the his passing, a board of priests accumulated and gathered his lessons and the oral customs of the confidence into composed structure, called the Tripitaka. As a result of the oral correspondence of the Buddhas messages, the Tripitaka is loaded with expressions, for example, The Buddha educated, and It is said. From these oral correspondences, the idea of ward co-start emerged. The content recommends that Buddha clarified the term subordinate co-beginning as a progression of associated occasions adapted by specific elements. The restrictively of these associated occasions in life can be both mental and physical. An idea or a physical demonstration can control a specific second in time, which will lead life down an alternate way. A Buddhist focuses on these factors and accepts that they will lead the person in question to an accomplished extreme edification. All things, either mental or physical, emerge and exist because of the nearness of specific occasions and stop to exist once those factors likewise stop to exist. Thus, these factors can scrutinize the Buddhists conviction of the presence or non-presence of destiny. A Buddhist accepts that the result of life depends on activities alone rather than a pre-decided fate. Dharma, or the ethical direct or obligation of a Buddhist, is the one thing that the Buddhist unequivocally accepts shapes their definitive way towards a condition of nirvana. Buddhists accept that their lives are associated and occur as indicated by Dharma. Dharma is a variable, which makes one perform activities and get the aftereffects of those activities. Subordinate co-start and dharma rehearsed emphatically continually condition the way to forestall resurrection, or accomplish nirvana. Nirvana, hence, is the main free condition of a higher reality where subordinate co-beginning stops to exist. A rehashed thought inside the reliant co-start idea is that everything is continually turning out to be. This implies life is continually adapted and ever evolving. Buddhists place accentuation on what things become instead of what they are. Occasions that occur in the encompassing scene are never organized or set with a specific goal in mind however continually changing in a shaky situation. Consequently, the statement from Nhat Hanh depicts Buddhas subordinate co-start instructing that the result of a specific occasion is characterized by and reliant on the result of past occasion. Nothing can stand absolutely free of some other occasion. For a huge number of years, Buddhism has been a set up and polished way of thinking and lifestyle. Today, a great many individuals despite everything follow the lessons of exclusive who professed to have discovered otherworldly illumination a long ways past the limit of the real world. He additionally prevailing with regards to making his type of illumination available to the majority. Through the act of the Buddhas lessons, any dedicated devotee makes certain to walk the edified way. Through the idea of ward co-start, Buddha instructed that all occasions are interconnected and important of a people activities. Adherents that desire to comprehend the sufferings of the encompassing scene and start on

Rather Than Being A Medium For Western Culture Alone, The Internet

Rather Than Being A Medium For Western Culture Alone, The Internet Rather Than Being A Medium For Western Culture Alone, The Internet Actually Helps Promote And â€" Essay Example > IntroductionThe internet is defined as a global structure of interconnected computer networks that apply the standard internet protocol suite to connect its users globally. The internet entails millions of public, private, business, academic and government networks. These networks are of both local and global span and are linked by a wide array of wireless, electronic and optical networking technologies (Schneider, Evans, Pinard, 2008, p. 2; Schniederjans, 1998, p. 65). Most traditional modes of communication including music, telephone, films, television and so on are redefined or reshaped by the internet. The redefinition of these classical modes of communication has culminated to new services like voice over internet protocol (VOIP) and so on. Additionally, books, newspapers, and other print publishing are gradually taking up web site technology. The internet has facilitated and amplified new forms of human interactions through internet forums, social networking and instant mes saging (Schneider, Evans Pinard, 2008, p. 2). This paper seeks to ascertain how the internet has helped to promote and strengthen communities of non western societies with regards to culture and business. Cultural impactWith regards to culture, the internet is deemed as a global phenomenon which in effect has given birth to what is referred to as a global net village. A typical example can be drawn from Taiwan which has the highest per capita internet consumption rate globally. Net users in Taiwan share many common trends with regards to cultural habits and language (Mai, 2001, p. 181). There are basically two areas where culture with regards to internet habitually manifests itself in Taiwan. First, the impact of internet on culture is evident in the globalisation of business culture. For instance, Taiwanese businessmen have portrayed same trends in terms of language, dressing, and viewpoints to those of businessmen in other countries (Mai, 2001, p. 181). All these are attributed to internet influence. The second area is on lifestyle. The internet has had a significant influence on the lifestyle of Taiwanese people in the sense that it has not only changed their way and pace of life. It has also changed the outlook of many towns. Consequently, this has led the Taiwanese to become an inseparable element of global consumer trend (Mai, 2001, p 181). Another example can be drawn from Africa where the internet has had a significant impact with regards to culture. According to a study carried out in West Africa, it was revealed that the internet has major influences on culture, both positive and negative. The internet has facilitated the shift from classical modes of communication like using the telephone to emails. It should be noted that in countries like Ghana, calls rarely get through, making people wait for long to get connected. With the advent of emails, all this has changed. The use of emails is not only far more effective compared to the use of phones, it is also a cheap means of communication (Bertagni et al, 2010, p. 402). The internet has also facilitated people in non-western nations, more so Africa, to understand other people’s way of life. In this regard, cultural diffusion can become a way of learning and deriving new experiences as well. For instance, Africans who go to live or study in other parts of the globe may learn about the cultures of these new societies within which they live through the internet (Indabawa Mpofu, 2006, p. 137). This in turn causes them adapt to these new cultures and reduce incidences of cultural shock encountered by most people.

Hitlers Rise to Fame - 1586 Words

Hitler’s Rise to Fame Erin McDermott English 10 Mrs. Swain February 5, 2010 Hitler’s Rise to Fame I.) Hitler Enters Politics a. German Workers Party b. Promotion c. Succeeding d. Speeches e. Recruits II.) Rallies a. Blame b. Growth III.) Beer Hall a. Planning b. Take Over c. Kidnap d. Speech IV.) Trial a. Jailed b. Special Prisoner c. Trial Time d. Verdict e. Time In Prison V.) Bringing The Group Back a. Name Change b. Start to gather new troops c. Campaign d. Votes and Seats VI.) Presidency a. Run for Office b. Campaign c. Slogan d. Final Results VII.) Reichstag On Fire a.†¦show more content†¦Hitler used General Ludendorff to convince the three to join. Soon afterwards the three slipped out and reported Hitler to police. Hitler’s revolution had failed before it had a chance to live. Hitler became frantic and hid at his friends the Hanfstaengls where he was arrested three nights later (www.Historyplace.com/putsch). On April 24th he was sent to Landsberg prison. He was treated unlike other prisoners. He was allowed guests whenever he wanted, he got his own private room and McDermott 3 secretary and he received gifts. His trial was also unlike others. He was able to defend himself if he wished, cross examine witnesses and do what he wanted. His trial was more for propaganda than anything else. Hitler declared the reason behind his actions was that â€Å"There is no treason against the traders of 1918(www.historyplace.com/trialfortreason). His verdict was guilty. The possible sentence he should have gotten was life. He got off with five years and possible parole in 6 months. Other Nazi leaders got easy sentences as well (Rossel). The book Mein Kampf served as a blueprint for future actions. Mein Kampf also would unofficially become a bible of sorts to the Germans (Rossel). Once out of prison Hitlers troops gathered back around. It was time for him to start expanding. The first thing he did was to rename the group. he renamed the part the National Socialist German WorkersShow MoreRelated Hitlers Rise To Power Essay1709 Words   |  7 Page sHitlers Rise To Power The Antichrist is†¦a man with white skin, in everyday clothes, dangerously contemporary, and a mighty demagogue†¦The great Russian philosopher Soloviev described him. The Antichrist ‘does not look like he is,’ and therein precisely lies the danger. He is a young man with a strong personality and seductive power of speech and writing†¦He will win fame first by book†¦then, in Berlin, he will be come ruler of the ‘United States of Europe;’ he will conquer Asia; America will submitRead MoreAnti Semitism And The Nazi War1666 Words   |  7 Pagesboomed in Germany when Hitler accused the Jews of being backstabbers that caused their defeat in WWI. A powerful combination of the incredibly long lasting anti-semitism, scapegoating of the Jews, and the establishment of the Nazi Party alongside Hitler’s rise to power resulted in a rapid transformation from an emerging democracy into a genocidal, fascist dictatorship. What it means to view Jews as â€Å"other† is essentially us versus them — us Christians and them Jews. In 1144 AD, Thomas of Monmouth createdRead MoreThe Reasons For Adolf Hitler s Rise Of Power As The Chancellor Of Germany3897 Words   |  16 PagesThe reasons for Adolf Hitler’s rise to power as the Chancellor of Germany in January 1933, as the leader of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP or Nazi party), have been widely studied and debated. There are numerous biographies about Hitleras hundreds, if not thousands, of people attempt to discover new information to understand just how he was able to become such a powerful figure. It can be argued that Hitler was a key factor in starting the Second World War and he was certainlyRead MoreMachiavelli: The Power of Fear Essay845 Words   |  4 Pagesto maintain his power and authority over others. People are unlikely to overthrow a ruler that they fear, for they dread the punishments of failure. If the ruler is not feared by the people, he will eventually upset enough of them that they will rise up against him. They will overthrow him because of his perceived weakness, and his name and image will be shamed in the eyes of both his government and his people. Machiavelli believes that the state is completely separate from the ruler’s privateRead MoreDesperation: The Rise of the Nazi State Essay921 Words   |  4 Pagescause, an effect, and a solution. They tell you that you are the greatest people on Earth and you have the might a lineage to rise up and become a great and powerful empire. You are immediately hooked. In desperation people will do what they probably would never do in there right mind. It is this historically justified statement that helped Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party rise to power. For almost a decade the German people had lived in an extremely impoverished state. Hitler and his party providedRead MoreEssay on Paul Robeson906 Words   |  4 Pagesof five children.   His father was a runaway slave who went on to graduate from Lincoln University, and his mother came from a family of Quakers who worked for the abolition of slavery. His family was familiar with hardship and the determination to rise above it.   His own life was no less challenging. In 1915, Paul won a four-year academic scholarship to Rutgers University.   In spite of open violence and racism expressed by teammates, Robeson won 15 varsity letters in sports (baseball, basketballRead MoreEssay on Hitlers Rise to Power3943 Words   |  16 Pages Hitlers Rise to Power Looking back at the horrendous events that occurred during the Second World War, many of the people effected or even not so effected often ask the question ‘Who let a mad man like Hitler come into power?’ The answer is, no one let him come into power, therefore it’s probably more accurate, to say ‘What enabled Hitler to come to power’ To answer this question, one must study the episode from 1918-1935 closely in order to understand theRead MorePaul Robeson955 Words   |  4 Pagesof five children.   His father was a runaway slave who went on to graduate from Lincoln University, and his mother came from a family of Quakers who worked for the abolition of slavery. His family was familiar with hardship and the determination to rise above it.   His own life was no less challenging. In 1915, Paul won a four-year academic scholarship to Rutgers University.   In spite of open violence and racism expressed by teammates, Robeson won 15 varsity letters in sports (baseball, basketballRead MoreLeni Riefenstahl3703 Words   |  15 PagesResearch Assessment on a Personality in the Twentieth Century: Leni Riefenstahl a) Describe the major influences that led to the rise to prominence of your chosen personality in her nation’s history. The major influences that led to Leni Riefenstahl’s rise to prominence includes a fateful event that kindles her fascination with film, the continual influence of mountain (Berg) films and acclaimed director Dr Arnold Fanck as well as her first dà ©but as a director and producer. In 1925 Leni RiefenstahlRead MoreThe Methods and Circumstances of Hitlers Rise to Power2031 Words   |  9 PagesJakob Rasmussen Humanities December 3rd 2010 The Methods and Circumstances of Hitler’s Rise to Power After Germany’s defeat in the First World War. Germany were forced to sign a treaty called the Treaty of Versailles that limited Germany’s power extensively. The treaty stated penalties such as the loss of German soil, a great minimization of Germany’s army and navy and of course Germany was forced to pay for the reparations of the destruction they had caused in the war. This penalty left Germany

The Feminist Manifesto, And Susan Glaspell s Trifles

The feminist movement lays claim to a history of both victorious struggle and violent controversy. As women fought for equality with men in the early twentieth century, literature was inspired by this movement. Modernist writers used their artform to provide social commentary in similar ways to realistic writers of the nineteenth century. However, modernist thought allows a much more obvious agenda to be presented through literature. Mina Loy, in â€Å"Feminist Manifesto,† and Susan Glaspell, in â€Å"Trifles,† both used their respective writings to convey personal opinions on the women’s movement and the relationship between men and women. Though this similarity places them in the same category of modernism, the two differ in their writings†¦show more content†¦Similarly, Glaspell attempts to incite critical thought among her readership regarding the role of gender in determining a person’s worth. The two women in â€Å"Trifles† are shown to be both morally and intellectually superior to the men in the story, though they are derided for their method of investigation (Glaspell 748). This form of derision and lack of respect is indicative of the social climate at the time. Angel writes, â€Å"The women in the story start from different facts and reach different moral and legal conclusions than the men in the story. The men’s view of fact and law reflect our traditional legal system, which men created and continue to dominate† (Angel 779). Therefore, Glaspell not only uses the irony of the women’s superior observance to showcase women’s equality to men, but she also uses it as a method of critiquing the sociopolitical order of her day. Ergo, both Glaspell and Loy find commonality in their use of smaller gender related topics to address broader issues relating to feminist concerns. Though both authors share similar desires to relate their work to social issues, their methods are quite differe nt. â€Å"Feminist Manifesto† provides an aggressive and bold statement regarding women’s rights. Loy uses tonal and stylistic elements to express an urgent need for reform. Language and word choice are one of the primary elements by which Loy accomplishes this. The author makes

The American Revolution Essay examples - 588 Words

The American Revolution was when the British colonies in America revolted against British rule for being taxed by people not even living on their land and gained independence by overthrowing British imperial rule under King George III. The French Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval in France, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism. The French Revolution began less than two decades after the American Revolution. In many ways, the American experience was an inspiration for the citizens of France. But the people of the two countries had different situations and had different concerns, which influenced the way each revolution began, progressed, and ended. The†¦show more content†¦The colonists declared â€Å"No taxation without representation† and many refused to buy the imported British goods. The Parliament ended up repealing all of the taxes because of this except one, a tax on tea. Colonists were already very angered by this time and tragedy struck in 1770 when an angry crowd began to taunt a group of British soldiers, causing them to open fire and kill five people. This event became known as the Boston Massacre. Three years later, colonists disguised themselves as Indians and destroyed hundreds of crates of tea on a ship in the Boston Harbor, this event became known as the Boston Tea Party. Colonists began to organize themselves into militias to resist the British troops and in April 1775, British soldiers and colonial militia fired on each other near Lexington and Concord causing the American Revolution to began. The Continental Congress, representatives sent to Philadelphia to make decisions as a group, establi shed a Continental Army to defend the colonies against British troops. On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress voted to adopt the Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson. After the Battle of Saratoga, the French were convinced that the Americans could defeat the British and entered into alliance with the new United States. After eight years of war, a peace treaty acknowledging the independence of the United States of America was signed in 1783. In the Spring of 1789, the UnitedShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution : The Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution Revolutionizes the World It was the first revolution to majorly succeed and change how people saw their countries, it was the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the first successful revolution against a European empire that provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations (New world Encyclopedia, 1).The American Revolution was vital to history because ideas seen by other countries startedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution999 Words   |  4 PagesBetween 1770 and 1776, resistance to imperial change turned into a full-on revolution. The American Revolution, also known as the Revolutionary War, was a time of revolting and political uprising, in which the 13 colonies separated from the British Empire, forming the independent nation known as the United States of America. Though the American Revolution began because the colonies wanted independence from Britain, many important historical events and revolts also lead to the tensions and resistanceRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1362 Words   |  6 PagesEvery 4th of July, Americans are told the story of the American Revolution. We remember the oppressed colonists fighting against the tyrannical King George III and the formidable red coats. Patriotic heroes are remembered, evil kings are cursed, and the liberties and freedoms won from the war are celebrated. Though America often likes to look back to the revolution, the question of just how much a revolution was the American Revolution is rarely asked. While the American revolution was not as radicalRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution863 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many different views on how the American Revolution came to be and how it actually was. One way is that the colonists that had money and were known as the elite were trying to preserve their power from the British and this is what caused the revolutionary war. Then on the other hand bef ore the revolutionary war occurred when the colonists were being over controlled by the British, then in result of the American Revolution the colonists were able to win against the British and become strongerRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution1582 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The revolution was effected before the war commenced. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people.† - John Adams, 1818 This quote means that the revolution actually took place metaphorically before the actually fighting began. It took place in the emotions and thoughts of the Americans. The Road to Revolution After the Seven Years’ War created a financial problem for Britain The British tried to shoulder some of the financial responsibilities onto the Americas in the form of variousRead MoreThe Revolution Of The American Revolution850 Words   |  4 PagesIn regards to the American Revolution, the point that armed rebellion became inevitable arrived when after nearly five constant years of American colonist protesting. American s had enough and needed to take a stand for the numerous inequalities they were forced to deal with. It was foreseeable that the American Revolution took place due to the unfair taxes that the British were giving Americans. Also, England was not allowing Americans their freedom, along with violence and the political dominanceRead MoreThe American Revolution. The American Revolution Started1581 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution The American Revolution started when King George the 3rd decided to make the American Colonies pay a large amount of money for the debt of the French and Indian War by giving the colonist different types of taxes like the Sugar Act in 1764. The sugar Act of 1764 was a British Law that was passed on April 5, 1764, that collected incomes from the 13 colonies. The act put a huge tax on the sugar and molasses that were imported into the colonies which were a huge impact for theRead MoreThe American Revolution1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution was much more than an insurrection against British tariffs and patronage decree. Rather, it was a bureaucratic catastrophe in which colonists from the thirteen American colonies denied the British sovereignty, eradicated the jurisdiction of Great Britain and established the United States of America. The upheaval was a primitive modern revolution in which generality traversed for liberty in the statute of law, constitutional privilege and supremacy. Ensuing years of contentionRead MoreThe American Revolution889 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution was one of the most vital events in American History lasting form 1775 to 1783, it effected the nation socially, economically and politically. The American Revolution brought upon many changes in America, and freedom of the nation. The Revolutionary War was a stepping stone to what we are as a nation today, it created both short and long-term effects on the world. When wanting to blame a certain side, the British politicians or the American agitators, several key points leadRead MoreThe American Revolution993 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic of the American Revolution is a topic that has been discussed on multiple levels and is extremely well-known, especially within the United States. The details are a little on the generic and basic side but it is at least understood on some level. Most people are aware of the American standpoint, the what, why, how, and when , but there is much more depth to what occurred. The war was obviously between the Americas and the Mother country of Britain, but there were more than just those two

Ethics of Us Army free essay sample

Each soldier in the United States Army, or any military service, will have very different experiences with the ethical culture of their unit. Is this experience due to the organizational culture or how its leaders operate within that culture that creates such an unique experience for every soldier? The point is that if you ask 10 soldiers to conduct an ethical culture audit of the military, I believe you will get 10 different answers that fall on all points on the continuum. Responses that the Army is highly ethical would come from soldiers who have â€Å"internalized cultural expectations† (p. 152). Since the Army has such a strong culture, ethical or not, there are always going to be individuals who fight that culture and resist the â€Å"internalization† of some or all the values. Typically these soldiers separate from the military during their initial training or when their first time commitment is up, usually 2-3 years. From my experience the United States Army has a highly ethical culture. One could sight any of several dozen scandals or investigations from Abu Grhaib prison abuse to the 101st Airborne soldiers raping and killing a family of five in Iraq to counter my assessment. But, I argue that these incidents occurred in spite of the strong culture, where a combination of â€Å"individual character traits† (p. 198) and/or trauma suffered in combat operations caused unethical behavior contrary to the ethical training they received. To help prevent such incidents and also study behavior the US Army has developed the Center for the Army Profession and Ethic. Since 2008 the Army has incorporated the research from this organization and trained its mid-level leaders to implement its findings at the unit level. To have a highly ethical organization, you need leadership that is committed to continuous improvement and not complacent with the current culture. In an organization with over 500,000 active soldiers the mentality has to be, there is always room for improvement. This mentality of continuous improvement must also come from the leadership of the military to be effective and implemented. Similar to Kelleher’s philosophy of â€Å"serving the needs of employees† (p. 156), the Army has a strong tradition of taking care of soldiers and their families so they can take care of the country. The leadership of the Army has set up and participates in numerous programs to assist soldiers with any issue from financial to marital problems. I completed my undergraduate education in Finance and then joined the military. I had no idea how to do my taxes and the Army taught me, not a $100,000 plus education. Once I knew how to do my taxes, as a junior leader I was required to assist my soldiers. Formal leadership in the military is prominent, from the understanding the Uniform Code of military Justice, to daily corrective actions for very minor offenses that in other organizations would probably go unnoticed. This relationship tends to be very formal as all rules and regulations are written down and trained during your initial 12 weeks of basic training. The leader is also responsible for continuous training to include a weekly briefing on good decision making when off duty. The informal aspect is very unique for each leader, it typically comes from written policies that the leader permits his soldiers to dis-obey. Whether it is early dismissal on Friday, or a motto against regulations, it builds a trust a with soldiers that their leader is on their side as well. Except in extreme cases such as the Abu Grhaib prison unit, I have found that the informal systems are in alignment with the formal ones and where they differentiate are so minor that it does not cause issues. The best way to summarize ethical leadership is to know that soldiers react to your actions more than they do your words. A common Army Office motto is â€Å"Lead by Example. This motto best prevents â€Å"hypocritical leadership† (p. 162). To get the right type of leadership in the Army, recruiters look at every candidate with the SAL method, Student, Athlete, Leader. Candidates are given a score based on GPA, sports, clubs and leadership rolls held. The Army has historically not allowed individuals with a history of crime, drug abuse or cheating in, but due to recruitment issues they have started to waive some requireme nts to meet goals. This shift has been criticized and said to have diminished the quality of the US soldier. It was interesting to see making goals or the number this as the main reason to waive values in Aaron’s speech this week. It appears no organization is free of the pressure to perform on a quantitative measure regardless of the effect to values. Selection for promotion in the Army is also very rigorous and has a set of standards that are very consistent. This prevents fraud and any possible quid pro quo from occurring. For General officers their appointments have to be confirmed by Congress and top secret security clearance requires a polygraph test. This ensures that the nations military decision makers and individuals with information can be trusted and have been vetted. The US Army’s values, mission statement and policies are simple but have withstood the test of time. The mission of winning the nation’s wars has remained constant, but Congress has added sub-statements to ensure responsibility and protection of the American people. In history winning at all cost was commonplace for the military especially in WWII. Since then collateral damage and fratricide are no longer acceptable consequences to accomplish the mission. The values of the military (leadership, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity, and personal courage) are instilled from day one, and put on your chest right next to your dog tags for every day there after. It is these values that help leaders and soldiers accomplish the mission with the best course of action, rather than the quickest or most definitive. As for policies, the military has a policy for how to do just about everything. The UCMJ is just the tip of policies in the US Army. Every branch, every machine, every unit has a manual to dictate policy. Very rarely does a situation occur in peacetime in the military that there is not a written policy to follow. Ethics training starts before day one in the military. Before you report to initial training you take an oath of office or enlistment that defines your roll in the military and commitment to uphold the constitution. Everyday of 12 weeks in basic training you recite the values and Ethos of the Army. In the past there had been issues that units did not operate according to individual training, so over the last decade all training programs have been updated to ensure the best possible replication of how the â€Å"real† Army is. Companies seek soldiers after their service for one main reason, they have had the best training in their field possible, and I believe this is holds true for values as well. Performance management in the military is very structured. There is a system in place and the only thing preventing a soldier from getting a fair and thorough evaluation is their own failure to self evaluate. Each unit has very different performance tasks to evaluate, but all soldiers are evaluated on the seven values of the Army at least twice a year. There is also reverse evaluations where soldiers have the opportunity to critique their leaders. Lastly after every mission the Army conducts and after action review where everyone can provide input. There is always a mandatory three positive comments period and three improves to ensure continuous improvement while remaining positive. For most situations the military has set up a structure where it is impossible to cheat on evaluations. Whether the tasks are team or individualized, the test results are hard to accomplish without actually doing the work. The key to performance management in the military is that the soldier knows what is expected of him or her and the consequences of not meeting those expectations, similar to how Joe Paterno treated his organization. The Army’s Organization structure is outlined by the chain of command. When to go above or around the chain of command is clearly defined in UCMJ as well as when you are authorized to dis-obey an order from that chain of command. While it is easy to say it is all written down, application in combat is the real test. The leadership in the organization will determine whether it works in the field or not. Soldiers can not be fearful of reporting wrong doing or negative results, and that comes down to their leaders to ensure what is written is implemented. The Military’s decision making process (MDMP) is a 300 plus page manual of which I took a one month long course on learning the process. This process rivals six-sigma for in depth analyzing a problem and how to take the best course of action. The best example I can provide is that MDMP alone and how it relates to ethical culture in the military could be a five-page introduction. The Informal cultural system of the Army is the one that is most portrayed in the movies and stories, from Code Reds in â€Å"A Few Good Men,† to the heroics of the Band of Brothers in WWII these are the moments that soldiers live for. We spoke of the formal evaluation system, but the informal bond between leaders and soldiers is what really makes a soldier perform his duties to the best of his ability. Heroes are both formally and informally recognized. For every Medal of Honor winner there are 100 soldiers that have done impressive tasks that civilians could only imagine accomplishing. Norms, if they are positive are usually translated into doctrine over time, so most Norms only last a few years until they are wholly accepted. Rituals however are very unit focused and are usually never written down. They are passed from leader to leader as a ritual itself during the change of command. Even today, 5 years removed from the military, the stories we tell amongst military friends are what motivate my actions to do the right thing. When we tell stories, you will immediately notice that we are speaking a language or code that is only understood by a few. Many of our values are questioned from the outside, by the way we speak in jargon or our fondness of tobacco and alcohol, but simply look at the actions of a military person and you will see his own language of values is thru â€Å"deeds not words,† my unit motto. Based on the examples and reading chapter 5, I believe even more so that the Army is a highly ethical organization. Compared to the organizations in the reading and the others I have worked for, there is no group who puts more time and effort to ensuring values in its actions and people than the US Army. While there are individuals who stray from the Army values, typically in their informal leadership methods, as a whole the formal and informal culture of the US Army are complimentary and exist to best promote the welfare of the Untied States. It is hard to criticize something you love, and that has been developing and evolving continuously over 200 years by some of the greatest leaders the World has ever seen. There is one key element to ensure the ethical culture environment of the US Army, to recruit personnel at the highest level possible. The Army cannot waiver in its recruitment of new soldiers to â€Å"meet the numbers. † Lowering the requirements for entry will only weaken the organization’s culture and ethical standards. There are always other areas fro improvement, but this one area is more important than all the others combined. I Andrew S. Driscoll affirm that I have neither given, utilized, received or witnessed unauthorized aid on this deliverable and have completed this work honestly and according to the professor’s guidelines.